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Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical is an essay by John Rawls, published in 1985.〔John Rawls, "Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical," ''Philosophy and Public Affairs'' 14 (Summer 1985): 223-251.〕 In it he describes his conception of justice. It comprises two main principles of liberty and equality; the second is subdivided into Fair Equality of Opportunity and the Difference Principle. Rawls arranges the principles in 'lexical priority', prioritising in the order of the Liberty Principle, Fair Equality of Opportunity and the Difference Principle. This order determines the priorities of the principles if they conflict in practice. The principles are, however, intended as a single, comprehensive conception of justice—'Justice as Fairness'—and not to function individually. These principles are always applied so as to ensure that the "least advantaged" are benefitted and not hurt or forgotten. Rawls presented the theory in the famous ''A Theory of Justice'', subsequently revising it in ''Political Liberalism''. ==First Principle: The Liberty Principle== The first and most important principle states that every individual has an equal right to basic liberties, Rawls claiming "that certain rights and freedoms are more important or 'basic' than others".〔Freeman, 2007:45〕 For example, Freeman argues, Rawls believes that "personal property" – personal belongings, a home – constitutes a basic liberty, but an absolute right to unlimited private property is not.〔Freeman, 2007:50〕 As basic liberties, they are inalienable: no government can amend, infringe or remove them from individuals.〔Freeman 2007:51〕 Thomas Mertens says Rawls contends that principles for a society are just when chosen by representative citizens placed within “fair” conditions. In ''A Theory of Justice'', Rawls articulates the Liberty Principle as the most extensive basic liberty compatible with similar liberty for others; he later amended this in ''Political Liberalism'', stating instead that "each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties".〔Rawls 2005:5〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Justice as Fairness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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